This retrospective study included 299 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy biopsy confirmed (DN) to investigate the prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for kidney outcomes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for serum levels of ALP on renal outcomes, defined as end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or a 50% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. ALP baseline average was 80 IU / L with various interquartile range from 64-97 IU / L Serum ALP negatively related to eGFR but positively associated with proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis.
During a median follow-up period of 23 months, ESRD or 50% decrease in eGFR occurred in 156 (52.2%) patients. ALP highest quartile were significantly associated with poor renal outcomes, as defined above (HR 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 5.17), after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, basic eGFR, proteinuria, parameters of liver function, parathyroid hormone levels, and renal pathological findings.
Each standard deviation higher in natural log-transformed ALP is associated with an increased risk of 25% for poor renal outcome. In addition, there is a graded increase in the risk for poor renal outcomes with ALP was higher in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. However, no significant correlation was observed between serum levels of ALP and renal outcomes in patients with non-nephrotic proteinuria-range. In conclusion, high ALP levels were independently associated with poor renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephrotic-range proteinuria after multivariate adjustment.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is important in the diagnosis of various diseases. Because the ALP used to detect biomarkers for many diseases, many researchers conduct an investigation to develop detection strategies ALP. The use of fluorescent material has attracted attention because of the high sensitivity of the technique and low sample volume required.
Here, we review and discuss the mechanism of action and advantage of four main categories: DNA fluorescent probes, fluorescent molecular probes, probe-based chemistry of coordination, and probe nanoparticles. development prospects and trends are also discussed.
Cotranslational folding of alkaline phosphatase in the periplasm of Escherichia coli
protein folding studies using the Force Profile Analysis Cotranslational, where SECM translation method used to detect the capture peptide folding due to the forces acting on the nascent polypeptide has so far been limited mainly to small domains cytosolic proteins that fold in close by translating ribosomes.
In this study, we investigated the cotranslational of periplasmic folding, disulfide bond containing proteins of E. coli alkaline phosphatase (Phoa) in a wild-type strain background and the background of the tension without periplasmic thiol: disulfide interchange protein DsbA.
p38 Antibody |
48644-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 399.6 |
p38 Antibody |
48644-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 286.8 |
p38 Antibody |
35478-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 468 |
p38 Antibody |
20-abx141038 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 427.20
-
EUR 644.40
-
EUR 260.40
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
20-abx133223 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 360.00
-
EUR 526.80
-
EUR 226.80
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
20-abx007541 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 360.00
-
EUR 526.80
-
EUR 226.80
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
abx236076-100ug |
Abbexa |
100 ug |
EUR 577.2 |
|
p38 protein |
E20-80078 |
EnoGene |
20ug |
EUR 489.6 |
p38 protein |
E20-80079 |
EnoGene |
20ug |
EUR 489.6 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23519 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 400.8 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23520 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 400.8 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23521 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 400.8 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA11120 |
Abfrontier |
50 ug |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA11121 |
Abfrontier |
100 ug |
EUR 483.6 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38 |
PM 102 |
B5517-1 |
ApexBio |
1 mg |
EUR 721.2 |
MM-102 |
B1582-2 |
ApexBio |
2 mg |
EUR 153.6 |
Description: MM-102 is an antagonist of MLL1 with IC50 value of 2.4nM [1].Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase. |
MM-102 |
B1582-20 |
ApexBio |
20 mg |
EUR 711.6 |
Description: MM-102 is an antagonist of MLL1 with IC50 value of 2.4nM [1].Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase. |
PPQ-102 |
B3504-10 |
ApexBio |
10 mg |
EUR 290.4 |
PPQ-102 |
B3504-5 |
ApexBio |
5 mg |
EUR 181.2 |
PPQ-102 |
B3504-50 |
ApexBio |
50 mg |
EUR 1035.6 |
5(6)-FAM [5-(and-6)-Carboxyfluorescein] *CAS 72088-94-9* |
102 |
AAT Bioquest |
25 g |
EUR 1051.2 |
|
SB-203580 p38 MAPK(p38 MAP kinase) Inhibitor |
E1B1863 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 193.2 |
p38 MAPK antibody |
10R-8422 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ul |
EUR 471.6 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal p38 MAPK antibody |
P38 MAPK antibody |
70R-34325 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ug |
EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody |
P38 MAPK antibody |
70R-34327 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ug |
EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody |
p38 MAPK antibody |
70R-33398 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ug |
EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal p38 MAPK antibody |
p38 MAPK antibody |
70R-33400 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ug |
EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal p38 MAPK antibody |
P38 delta protein |
30R-2868 |
Fitzgerald |
5 ug |
EUR 603.6 |
Description: Purified recombinant Human P38 delta protein |
p38 alpha protein |
30R-2870 |
Fitzgerald |
5 ug |
EUR 603.6 |
Description: Purified recombinant Human p38 alpha protein |
p38 beta protein |
30R-2875 |
Fitzgerald |
5 ug |
EUR 603.6 |
Description: Purified recombinant Human p38 beta protein |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41305-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 302.4 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41305-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 224.4 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41306-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 302.4 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41306-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 224.4 |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
49379-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 399.6 |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
49379-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 286.8 |
p38 MAPK antibody |
20R-2950 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ul |
EUR 471.6 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal p38 MAPK antibody |
p38 MAPK antibody |
20R-1572 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ug |
EUR 846 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal p38 MAPK antibody |
P38 MAPK antibody |
20R-2087 |
Fitzgerald |
50 ug |
EUR 337.2 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody |
P38 MAPK antibody |
20R-2088 |
Fitzgerald |
50 ug |
EUR 337.2 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody |
P38 MAPK antibody |
20R-2403 |
Fitzgerald |
50 ug |
EUR 337.2 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal P38 MAPK antibody |
p38 (pY323) Antibody |
20-abx133058 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 376.80
-
EUR 560.40
-
EUR 243.60
|
|
|
p38 (pY182) Antibody |
20-abx134951 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 460.80
-
EUR 727.20
-
EUR 276.00
|
|
|
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx161932 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 189.6 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 346.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 496.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 189.6 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 346.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 496.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 189.6 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 346.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 496.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 189.6 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 346.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 496.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 189.6 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 346.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 496.8 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx061736 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx062080 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
p38 (pT180) Antibody |
20-abx009863 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 376.80
-
EUR 560.40
-
EUR 243.60
|
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
20-abx012798 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 376.80
-
EUR 117.60
-
EUR 477.60
-
EUR 594.00
|
- 100 ug
- 10 ug
- 200 ug
- 300 µg
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
20-abx012875 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 376.80
-
EUR 117.60
-
EUR 477.60
-
EUR 594.00
|
- 100 ug
- 10 ug
- 200 ug
- 300 µg
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
abx236077-100ug |
Abbexa |
100 ug |
EUR 577.2 |
|
Anti-p38 Antibody |
A00176 |
BosterBio |
100ul |
EUR 476.4 |
Description: Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody for p38 Antibody (MAPK14) detection.tested for WB in Human, Mouse, Rat. |
Anti-p38 alpha |
DB-1039 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 beta |
DB-1040 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 gamma |
DB-1041 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 delta |
DB-1042 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 alpha |
DB1039 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 beta |
DB1040 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 gamma |
DB1041 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
Anti-p38 delta |
DB1042 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 568.8 |
AIMP2/p38 Antibody |
DF12048 |
Affbiotech |
200ul |
EUR 420 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3111-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 334.8 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3111-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 248.4 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3112-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 334.8 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3112-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 248.4 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4837-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 334.8 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4837-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 248.4 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4838-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 334.8 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4838-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 248.4 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
anti-p38 MAPK |
LF-PA0160 |
Abfrontier |
100 ul |
EUR 400.8 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38 MAPK |
anti- p38 antibody |
FNab06076 |
FN Test |
100µg |
EUR 606.3 |
|
Description: Antibody raised against p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES8347-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 334.8 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES8347-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 248.4 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94876 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94877 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94878 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: p38 is a protein encoded by the MAPK14 gene which is approximately 41,2 kDa. p38 is localised to the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is involved in activated TLR4 signalling, the IL-2 pathway, toll-like receptor signalling pathways, the VEGF signalling pathway and 4-1BB pathway. This protein falls under the MAP kinase family. It acts as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. p38 is expressed in the brain, heart, placenta, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Mutations in the MAPK14 gene may result in patellar tendinitis and lumbosacral lipoma. STJ94878 was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen. This polyclonal antibody detects endogenous levels of p38 protein. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94879 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-P38 antibody |
STJ98898 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to P38. |
Anti-P38 antibody |
STJ98899 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to P38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ97615 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 236.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
anti-Crk p38 |
YF-PA23509 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 400.8 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to Crk p38 |
anti-Crk p38 |
YF-PA11088 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to Crk p38 |
anti-Crk p38 |
YF-PA11089 |
Abfrontier |
50 ug |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to Crk p38 |
anti-Crk p38 |
YF-PA11090 |
Abfrontier |
100 ug |
EUR 483.6 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to Crk p38 |
anti-AIMP2/p38 |
YF-PA15507 |
Abfrontier |
50 ug |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to AIMP2/p38 |
p38 alpha-MAPK14 |
RA15053 |
Neuromics |
100 ug |
EUR 631.2 |
Anti-p38 (3D5) |
YF-MA12551 |
Abfrontier |
200 ul |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to p38 |
Anti-p38 (1C9) |
YF-MA12552 |
Abfrontier |
100 ug |
EUR 435.6 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to p38 |
p38 beta, Active |
7763-100 |
Biovision |
each |
EUR 5214 |
p38 beta, Active |
7763-5 |
Biovision |
each |
EUR 444 |
We found that the folding-induced forces can be transmitted through the nascent chain of periplasmic polypeptides to transferase center on the ribosome, a distance of ~ 160 å, and that appears to fold cotranslationally Phoa through at least two disulfide-stabilized folding intermediates. Thus, the Force Profile Analysis can be used to study protein folding cotranslational in extra-cytosolic compartment, such as periplasm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.